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Talking Computers

Tue, 01 Feb 2011 21:40:41 +0000

Talking Computers

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Talking Computers

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Posted: Sep 29, 2006 |Comments: 0
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Just a few decades ago, the possibility of creating talking computers was considered strictly in the realm of science fiction. But today, talking desktop computers are so commonplace that they hardly elicit any response from modern and sophisticated consumers.

It’s really pretty simple, as any of the computer school-trained friends and acquaintances we have are wont to tell us. Computers talk simply because they are running software that converts text to speech, thereby allowing the computer to talk out loud through speakers or a headset. In short, it has speech recognition capability.

Hearing a friend explain all that to me the other day almost made me fall asleep. But flipping through the TV remote control this morning, I came across this very thing and I suddenly found if fascinating.

The entire process of artificially producing speech is called speech synthesis and the software system that achieves this is called text-to-speech or TTS. It has two parts: a front end and a back end. The front end takes input (in the form of text), converts this into linguistic symbols and sends them to the back end which converts these symbols into speech waveform through the computer’s speakers.

The front end has two basic functions. First, it identifies all the numbers and abbreviations in the raw text and converts them into their spelled-out word equivalents. Then it divides the entire text into phrases and sentences and assigns different sounds or “phonetic transcriptions” to each word, complete with pauses and intonations. Meanwhile, the back end, which is often called the synthesizer, takes these transcriptions and turns them into actual sound output.

The other part, the back-end, takes the symbolic linguistic representation and converts it into actual sound output. The back end is often referred to as the synthesizer. The different techniques synthesizers use are described below.

Today, the challenge is no longer in reproducing speech, but in improving the quality of speech synthesis. In this regard, there are two key concerns: naturalness and intelligibility. The ideal speech synthesizer is both. Naturalness refers to how close the sound output is to a human being while intelligibility refers to how clearly the sound output is understood.

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Kadence Buchanan writes articles on many topics including Computers, Science, and Education

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Article Tags:
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Can computers think?

Sat, 22 Jan 2011 21:39:35 +0000

Can computers think?

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Home Page > Computers > Computer Forensics > Can computers think?

Can computers think?

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Posted: Nov 19, 2010 |Comments: 0
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The case for and against artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence has been the subject of many bad ’80’s movies and countless science fiction novels. But what happens when we seriously consider the question of computers that think. Is it possible for computers to have complex thoughts, and even emotions, like homo sapien? This paper will seek to answer that question and also look at what attempts are being made to make artificial intelligence (hereafter called AI) a reality.

Before we can investigate whether or not computers can think, it is necessary to establish what exactly thinking is. Examining the three main theories is sort of like examining three religions. None offers enough support so as to effectively eliminate the possibility of the others being true. The three main theories are:

1. Thought doesn’t exist; enough said.

2. Thought does exist, but is contained wholly in the brain. In other words, the actual material of the brain is capable of what we identify as thought.

3. Thought is the result of some sort of mystical phenomena involving the soul and a whole slew of other unprovable ideas. Since neither reader nor writer is a scientist, for all intents and purposes, we will say only that thought is what we (as homo sapien) experience.

So what are we to consider intelligence? The most compelling argument is that intelligence is the ability to adapt to an environment. Desktop computers can, say, go to a specific WWW address. But, if the address were changed, it wouldn’t know how to go about finding the new one (or even that it should). So intelligence is the ability to perform a task taking into consideration the circumstances of completing the task.

So now that we have all of that out of that way, can computers think? The issue is contested as hotly among scientists as the advantages of Superman over Batman is among pre-pubescent boys. On the one hand are the scientists who say, as philosopher John Searle does, that “Programs are all syntax and no semantics.” (Discover, 106) Put another way, a computer can actually achieve thought because it “merely follows rules that tell it how to shift symbols without ever understanding the meaning of those symbols.” (Discover, 106) On the other side of the debate are the advocates of pandemonium, explained by Robert Wright in Time thus: “[O]ur brain subconsciously generates competing theories about the world, and only the ‘winning’ theory becomes part of consciousness. Is that a nearby fly or a distant airplane on the edge of your vision? Is that a baby crying or a cat meowing? By the time we become aware of such images and sounds, these debate have usually been resolved via a winner-take-all struggle. The winning theory-the one that best matches the data-has wrested control of our neurons and thus our perceptual field.” (54) So, since our thought is based on previous experience, computers can eventually learn to think. The event which brought this debate in public scrutiny was Garry Kasparov, reigning chess champion of the world, competing in a six game chess match against Deep Blue, an IBM supercomputer with 32 microprocessors.

Kasparov eventually won (4-2), but it raised the legitimate question, if a computer can beat the chess champion of the world at his own game (a game thought of as the ultimate thinking man’s game), is there any question of AI’s legitimacy? Indeed, even Kasparov said he “could feel-I could smell- a new kind of intelligence across the table.” (Time, 55) But, eventually everyone, including Kasparov, realized that what amounts to nothing more than brute force, while impressive, is not thought. Deep Blue could consider 200 million moves a second. But it lacked the intuition good human players have. Fred Guterl,writing in Discover, explains. “Studies have shown that in a typical position, a strong human play considers on average only two moves. In other words, the player is choosing between two candidate moves that he intuitively recognizes, based on prior experience, as contributing to the goals of the position.” Seeking to go beyond the brute force of Deep Blue in separate projects, are M.I.T. professor Rodney Brooks and computer scientist Douglas Lenat. The desire to conquer AI are where the similarities between the two end.

Brooks is working on an AI being nicknamed Cog. Cog has cameras for eyes, eight 32-bit microprocessors for a brain and soon will have a skin-like membrane. Brooks is allowing Cog to learn about the world like a baby would. “It sits there waving its arm, reaching for things.” (Time, 57) Brooks’s hope is that by programming and reprogramming itself, Cog will make the leap to thinking. This expectation is based on what Julian Dibbell, writing in Time, describes as the “bottom-up school. Inspired more by biological structures than by logical ones, the bottom-uppers don’t bother trying to write down the rules of thought. Instead, they try to conjure thought up by building lots of small, simple programs and encouraging them to interact.” (57) Lenat is critical of this type of AI approach. He accuses Brooks of wandering aimlessly trying to recreate evolution. Lenat has created CYC. An AI program which uses the top down theory which states that “if you can write down the logical structures through which we comprehend the world, you’re halfway to re-creating intelligence. (Time, 57) Lenat is feeding CYC common sense statements (i.e. “Bread is food.”) with the hopes that it will make that leap to making its own logical deductions. Indeed, CYC can already pick a picture of a father watching his daughter learn to walk when prompted for pictures of happy people. Brooks has his own criticisms for Lenat. “Without sensory input, the program’s knowledge can never really amount to more than an abstract network of symbols.

So, what’s the answer? The evidence points to the position that AI is possible. What is our brain but a complicated network of neurons? And what is thought but response to stimuli? How to go about achieving AI is another question entirely. All avenues should be explored. Someone is bound to hit on it.

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What are the advantages of artificial intelligence ?
I think the computer in my 2000 camaro is fried. it has been messing up ever since i hooked it up to a diagnostic machine at advance auto how can i tell if it is the computer??

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A Few Super Computers Trivia Tidbits

Sun, 16 Jan 2011 21:42:55 +0000

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Home Page > Computers > A Few Super Computers Trivia Tidbits

A Few Super Computers Trivia Tidbits

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Posted: Jul 08, 2010 |

Nowadays, everybody depend on computers in one form or another for reasons that include scheduling, processing and other mundane tasks that most people have very little interest in doing. There are things that cannot be performed by humans that need to be taken care of by the computers of the world.

For this there is now a high demand for computers that can perform tasks not within the range of humans and their capabilities. For years this has been a needed task and knowledge in this area is being formed everyday. There is also the matter of speed by which a task can be performed that is another focus of creating such computers.

Over the past years there have been a big run on the use of super computers in many applications. Many people are unaware that super computers even exist, but they have been a reality for more years than most would know about. The reason for this is the fact that super computers are not the kind of machine that a person would use everyday. They are designed to perform highly technical tasks with speed and accuracy. The basis of a super computer is the same as a normal personal computer but in a much larger scale.

The super computers of today are much like those computers of the past; they can take up entire rooms for just the processing space. This means that they are also highly expensive and create a massive power drain for the area where they are located. In most cases people go to school for many years to learn how to operate one of these massive machines and still have to take on many more years of standard training to learn about the overall structure and functions that the computer has. This is the reason for the low number of people that can operate one of these machines.

The main use today for the super computers is the many movies that are now relying on the CGI animation. Unlike the previous decades where the animated movies were created by the artists then animated through cameras, the new movies are now created solely by the super computer. During the process huge banks of data processing equipment work with the information that the operators put in. From this data the super computer will make the characters come alive and produce some of the highest quality graphics that the world has ever seen.

This was a revolution in technology when the likes of Toy Story came into being. No humans were used in the film except for the voices and the entire movie was created on a super computer. This has sped up the process by which the films of the day are made. There is still a long process as the computer needs time to make the animation come to life. However, instead of taking years as it once did, the movies can now be produced within a matter of months when the production begins.

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Read about baking soda remedies and bake tilapia at the Healthy Baking website.

The Advent Of Computers

Sun, 17 Oct 2010 21:40:53 +0000

Science has invented many things. The triumphs of science are too many to be counted. Some of the latest triumphs of science are really wonderful. They are quite remarkable discoveries. It has made our life easier by the computer a few years ago. It is considered as the brains of the human beings. It has opened up new vistas. These can make any number of calculations, modes of particulars hypothetical situations can be produced & studied.

In business, businessmen can simply deal through internet with their client regarding quantity and quality of the materials they require and can satisfy their clients. They can also give advertisement of their company through internet to attract more customers towards it. In schools, children are given knowledge about softwares of computer like Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and for small kids games are available in PCs for their refreshment. Through computers, we can easily chat or give tenders, graphics to the person living in other parts of the world. We can also do e-commerce through computer by booking for the product & delivery is done at home. We can also come to know about new products and their prices through pc. Now, a days all the designers shows their talent of design through websites. We can also send picture on any topic to the person living in other parts of the world via email. We can now book railway tickets and airplane tickets with the help of internet. Thus it helps us to save time because initially people had to stand in long queues for booking which used to consume much time. Now, a days all the queries are solved with the help of video conferencing & tele conferencing. In computer we have to only feed the data and it gives us the accurate result in a time not less than a second.

It has certain disadvantages too. It has created the problem of unemployment. Initially people use to keep accountant for keeping their records of their business but with the invention of accounting softwares, need of personell has reduced. Thus, computer ha relaxed mankind in a number of ways by making their life easier to a great extent. So, it has been a boon to the mankind.

The author likes to write text messages and advises for internet and social networking content like twitter backgrounds and myspace graphics. He also writes quizzes on subjects like career, personality, etc.

The Evolution of Technology – The History of Computers

Sun, 15 Aug 2010 21:22:42 +0000

While computers are now an important part of the lives of human beings, there was a time where computers did not exist. Knowing the history of computers and how much progression has been made can help you understand just how complicated and innovative the creation of computers really is.

Unlike most devices, the computer is one of the few inventions that does not have one specific inventor. Throughout the development of the computer, many people have added their creations to the list required to make a computer work. Some of the inventions have been different types of computers, and some of them were parts required to allow computers to be developed further.

The Beginning

Perhaps the most significant date in the history of computers is the year 1936. It was in this year that the first “computer” was developed. It was created by Konrad Zuse and dubbed the Z1 Computer. This computer stands as the first as it was the first system to be fully programmable. There were devices prior to this, but none had the computing power that sets it apart from other electronics.

It wasn’t until 1942 that any business saw profit and opportunity in computers. This first company was called ABC computers, owned and operated by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Two years later, the Harvard Mark I computer was developed, furthering the science of computing.

Over the course of the next few years, inventors all over the world began to search more into the study of computers, and how to improve upon them. Those next ten years say the introduction of the transistor, which would become a vital part of the inner workings of the computer, the ENIAC 1 computer, as well as many other types of systems. The ENIAC 1 is perhaps one of the most interesting, as it required 20,000 vacuum tubes to operate. It was a massive machine, and started the revolution to build smaller and faster computers.

The age of computers was forever altered by the introduction of International Business Machines, or IBM, into the computing industry in 1953. This company, over the course of computer history, has been a major player in the development of new systems and servers for public and private use. This introduction brought about the first real signs of competition within computing history, which helped to spur faster and better development of computers. Their first contribution was the IBM 701 EDPM Computer.

A Programming Language Evolves

A year later, the first successful high level programming language was created. This was a programming language not written in ‘assembly’ or binary, which are considered very low level languages. FORTRAN was written so that more people could begin to program computers easily.

The year 1955, the Bank of America, coupled with Stanford Research Institute and General Electric, saw the creation of the first computers for use in banks. The MICR, or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, coupled with the actual computer, the ERMA, was a breakthrough for the banking industry. It wasn’t until 1959 that the pair of systems were put into use in actual banks.

During 1958, one of the most important breakthroughs in computer history occurred, the creation of the integrated circuit. This device, also known as the chip, is one of the base requirements for modern computer systems. On every motherboard and card within a computer system, are many chips that contain information on what the boards and cards do. Without these chips, the systems as we know them today cannot function.

Gaming, Mice, & the Internet

For many computer users now, games are a vital part of the computing experience. 1962 saw the creation of the first computer game, which was created by Steve Russel and MIT, which was dubbed Spacewar.

The mouse, one of the most basic components of modern computers, was created in 1964 by Douglass Engelbart. It obtained its name from the “tail” leading out of the device.

One of the most important aspects of computers today was invented in 1969. ARPA net was the original Internet, which provided the foundation for the Internet that we know today. This development would result in the evolution of knowledge and business across the entire planet.

It wasn’t until 1970 that Intel entered the scene with the first dynamic RAM chip, which resulted in an explosion of computer science innovation.

On the heels of the RAM chip was the first microprocessor, which was also designed by Intel. These two components, in addition to the chip developed in 1958, would number among the core components of modern computers.

A year later, the floppy disk was created, gaining its name from the flexibility of the storage unit. This was the first step in allowing most people to transfer bits of data between unconnected computers.

The first networking card was created in 1973, allowing data transfer between connected computers. This is similar to the Internet, but allows for the computers to connect without use of the Internet.

Household PC’s Emerge

The next three years were very important for computers. This is when companies began to develop systems for the average consumer. The Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Apple I and II, TRS-80, and the Commodore Pet computers were the forerunners in this area. While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers within common households.

One of the most major breathroughs in computer software occurred in 1978 with the release of the VisiCalc Spreadsheet program. All development costs were paid for within a two week period of time, which makes this one of the most successful programs in computer history.

1979 was perhaps one of the most important years for the home computer user. This is the year that WordStar, the first word processing program, was released to the public for sale. This drastically altered the usefulness of computers for the everyday user.

The IBM Home computer quickly helped revolutionize the consumer market in 1981, as it was affordable for home owners and standard consumers. 1981 also saw the the mega-giant Microsoft enter the scene with the MS-DOS operating system. This operating system utterly changed computing forever, as it was easy enough for everyone to learn.

The Competition Begins : Apple vs. Microsoft

Computers saw yet another vital change during the year of 1983. The Apple Lisa computer was the first with a graphical user interface, or a GUI. Most modern programs contain a GUI, which allows them to be easy to use and pleasing for the eyes. This marked the beginning of the out dating of most text based only programs.

Beyond this point in computer history, many changes and alterations have occurred, from the Apple-Microsoft wars, to the developing of microcomputers and a variety of computer breakthroughs that have become an accepted part of our daily lives. Without the initial first steps of computer history, none of this would have been possible.

Computers vs Books in Home Schooling

Tue, 13 Jul 2010 21:39:44 +0000

Learning is a continuous process. New additions to learning techniques can make it more interesting or, conversely, make it more challenging. Hence, parents and tutors should take into consideration the interests and abilities of the student before utilizing any technique or methodology.

Use of Books in Home schooling

Books are personal. You can read them whenever you want. You can improve a childs diction by asking them to read aloud. Reading not only improves pronunciation but also makes it easier to understand the grammatical construction of sentences.

Parents can conduct reading sessions during which they can discuss the given subject or topic after every reading. This kind of interaction is important, because a child learns best by discussion, wherein all doubts and questions can be answered.

Although books may not be interactive by themselves, they can be discussed during lesson sessions. Depending on the matter in the book, the topic can be examined and analyzed. Thus increasing the insight of the child on various subjects and topics in an interesting manner.

Reading can also be done in a casual manner. Some subjects like English drama and literature have plays, which can be enacted. This makes learning more fun, eliminating much of the stress. In case of factual information, books can help improve the childs knowledge in various subjects.

Use of Computers in Home schooling

In the information age computers have become the next best thing for education. Computer based home schooling is a modern method of teaching. The only drawback to online or computer based home schooling would be the personal attention. Students sometimes perform well when they are under the supervision of a tutor or parent. This brings a sense of responsibility towards studies.

The Internet is a common resource for all the latest information on all sorts of subjects, whether sports, science, technology or fine arts. Plus, all the data is updated on a regular basis.

Being an effective tool for homeschooling, the students can choose from a wide range of learning resources according to their requirements. For example, in network learning, text based documents and reports, plus speech and audio-material, and video clips can be viewed on the computer.

The computer is a tool, not a toy. Although games are an important aspect of childhood, parents must make sure that the computer is also utilized for learning. However, computer games that are knowledge oriented can be incorporated, making learning fun and interactive. Audio video aids are freely available on the net.

Ever since the advent of computers and the Internet, education has witnessed a profound transformation. While the information in books remains static for a longer time, the information available on the Internet is constantly updated. Besides, it has been observed that children are naturally drawn to electronic gadgets, and they master the medium very fast. Thus, adding computers as a learning aid along with books enhances grasping and learning any subject.

Whether books or the computer, or a combination of the two, homeschooling should be organized and pre-planned. Books and computer-based learning are only a means to education. If they are effectively used, it will complement the childs education in the long run.

Homeschool Curriculum and other useful information can be found at http://www.citizenschool.com. The best site for all of your Homeschoolingneeds.

Computers and Scientists

Tue, 08 Jun 2010 21:39:33 +0000

I once learned in school that all technological progress in the past, used to be done with a pen and paper. The rest was all about trying to get the results as things went along. There was no shame in trying over and over again until you succeeded with the thing that you wanted to create.

Nowadays, thanks to computers, we have eliminated the process of testing out models until success and replaced it with computer generated scenarios that can be adapted to simulate any condition. By using a simple rendering programs, we can introduce stress factors and see how a certain product reacts to it and then make the necessary modifications so that we can avoid that thing.. Scientist in all fields, have used computer generated models to write theories and perform complex calculations based on the outcome of the computer generated models.

Without the help of computers, science would have never been where it is today and we would have never beneficiated from the luxuries that we now enjoy. If you take any product on the market, regardless of its use and price, you will discover that they have been all tested by computers and on computers. The only thing that we do is to check out if the inserted data is correct and then leave the program to run its simulations.

Quick Note: Taking the Nonsense out of looking for the right spyware remover

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The best invention ever made by man has proven to be an important asset in the future of all fields. Scientist across the world, used computers and they will consider to do so until another tool with similar capabilities, or even better, can make the same computational exercises.

You really want to take the work out of looking for Protection from a lurking theif then you should get your free Spybot to protect you. Go to the Internet and get The New Spybot Search And Destroy Download or just Spybot

to prevent your vital information from being taken from you and given to someone who will steal your money or something else that you treasure so dearly.

Which boarding schools in the USA have MAC computers in their Computer Science Department ?

Mon, 17 May 2010 21:39:30 +0000

My son wants to learn to program on a MAC.

who knows a site that offers free online courses? computers, science, atronomy, whatever?

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 21:22:21 +0000

Study: Third of Americans use library computers

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 21:31:46 +0000

Study: Third of Americans use library computers

Study: Third of Americans use library computers
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